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''Dr. Marcus Conant, et al., v. McCaffrey et al.'' (later, Conant v. Walters) is a legal case decided by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on September 7, 2000, which affirmed the right of physicians to recommend medical marijuana. Though the case involved chronic patients with untreatable diseases, the decision does not name these conditions as a prerequisite, nor does it limit drugs which may or may not be illegal. The plaintiffs created a class action suit on behalf of licensed California physicians treating patients suffering from any of several severe and chronic conditions〔 The complaint enumerates: * severe nausea (commonly associated with HIV/AIDS and cancer) * wasting syndrome or anorexia (commonly associated with HIV/AIDS) * increased intraocular pressure (commonly associated with glaucoma) * seizures or muscle spasms associated with a chronic, debilitating condition (commonly associated with epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and paraplegia/quadriplegia/hemiplegia) * severe chronic pain (commonly associated with paraplegia/quadriplegia/ hemiplegia, HIV/AIDS, metastasized cancers, and cervical disk disease) 〕 who discuss, recommend, or approve the medical use of marijuana for medical reasons. The class also includes all such patients. The named plaintiffs include eleven physicians,〔 The physicians include Dr. Marcus Conant, Dr. Donald Northfelt, Dr. Arnold Leff, Dr. Debasish Tripathy, Dr. Neil Flynn, Dr. Stephen Follansbee, Dr. Robert Scott III, Dr. Stephen O’Brien, Dr. Milton Estes, Dr. Howard Maccabee, and Dr. Allan Joseph Flach. 〕 a physician group,〔Bay Area Physicians for Human Rights〕 an AIDS patient organization,〔Being Alive: People with HIV/AIDS Action Coalition, Inc.〕 and six patients with terminal illnesses, including one who died during the course of the suit.〔Patients include Keith Vines, Judith Cushner, Valerie Corral, Dan Kane, Michael Ferrucci, and Jo Daily, a victim of cancer, who died after this suit was filed. 〕 The case arose from two events: the November 1996 passage of California Proposition 215 which authorized medical marijuana, and a December 30, 1996 response to the law by the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy which said The statement accompanied authorization for the U.S. Inspector General for Health and Human Services to exclude individuals from participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs, such as physicians who recommend marijuana to patients for medical purposes. Clarification two months later affirmed that mere discussion of any drugs with a patient was not grounds for sanction, but affirmed that physicians "may not intentionally provide their patients with oral or written statements in order to enable them to obtain controlled substances in violation of federal law." The district court's decision acknowledged that the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions.〔 Furthermore, The government appealed the District Court decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which issued its decision in 2002. Again the doctors and patients won and the federal government lost, while Judge Alex Kozinski's concurrence also brought in the First Amendment right of patients to hear accurate information from their doctors, and the state of California's right to make its own laws without being subverted by federal commandeering. The ruling set a precedent protecting doctors, patients, and state medical marijuana programs in the ten states of the Ninth Circuit. The government again appealed the case, but the Supreme Court declined to take the appeal in a brief notice dated October 14, 2003. == See also == * Cannabis in Oregon * List of class action lawsuits 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Conant v. McCaffrey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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